Flat Jane Austen in Providence Part II

 Flat Jane in Providence : In which Jane learns of the early history of Providence

My dearest friends,
This journey has been quite enlightening so far. I do not know what to think about this concept of soul liberty. 'Tis very different from England where most of us belong to the established church. While I contemplate the place of dissenters in society, my hosts show me the original settlement of Providence.

The Natives had a highway from Massachusetts Bay Colony to New York along the coast, the English named Towne Street. The West side of Towne street featured a freshwater spring that emptied into the Great Salt Cove. Mr. Williams built his house across from the spring. 

The cold water flowed forth from a wellspring just 30 feet west of here.

On this spot was the wellspring

Jane had to look into the future to see this monument, properly
known as the Hahn Memorial (1931-1933)

Other settlers soon followed and house lots stretched from the Great Salt Cove, over Towne Street and up the hill. Each settler received 6 acres of land, ensuring equality for all. 

A map of the home lots

The house lots marched uphill behind me

Roger Williams was buried on his property in 1683. I predict one day they will dig him up to build a memorial and his bones will be ashes to dust. Susanna thinks an apple tree root will eat his body! How droll! (Editor's note: Susanna time travels so she is aware of the story of the root that ate Roger Williams!)

This colony lacked an official authorized church and so Providence was not designed around a central church or meeting house, like those ghastly Puritans did in Massachusetts. The people worshipped outside or in each other’s homes. I can scarce credit these dangerous and radical ideas!

Two of the original nine lot owners were women, an uncommon an occurrence here as it is at home.

Alice Daniels was an apothecary, tobacconist, wine merchant and confectionary seller

The timber frame homes, known as stone enders, were made from local materials. The people resided in these primitive one to two story cottages with one room per floor,  a large stone chimney and fireplace at one end. They say the winters here are harsh and this type of cottage well protected the English settlers from the elements. 

Later they built proper wood frame homes such as this one. 

The Antram-Gray House c. 1730 + later addition

The Antram-Gray House has seen a great deal of history already in just 100 years. It will see many more changes in future.

Jane: Providence has grown a great deal in nearly 200 years!

Every home had gardens: a good English kitchen garden, a native garden growing maize, beans and squash (which the Indians call the "Three Sisters") and here I see a garden of plants native to Rhode Island. They must keep bees somewhere too.

I have much to tell you. My pen fairly flies across the page. I must leave off for now but remain

yours affectionately,

J.A.

Lean more about Roger Williams's trading post with Susanna! (photos)

Editor's Note: Flat Jane would like to acknowledge the Narragansett Indians on whose land the Roger Williams National Memorial now stands. She would also like to thank the National Park Service for their informative signs and website.

Flat Jane Austen in Providence

 Flat Jane Austen in Providence:
In which Jane learns something about the history of this town

"Oh brave new world. That has such people in it!" ~ Shakespeare, The Tempest; Act V, Scene I

May 16, 18__

My dearest friends,

Please excuse my long absence. I have been quite busy learning about this wondrous strange land of merchants, rebels and rogues. It seems that in the primitive backwater that is America, girls are educated to become bluestockings and on this visit I am becoming shockingly blue! Shall you recognize me when I return home? I take a trip with my host to visit an historian who regales me with tales of the early history of this fair city. 

I learn about "livelie experiment" known as Providence and how it influenced American government.

This colony, state  (I am shockingly forgetful of the independence of the American colonies), Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (plantations being the word for estate or large farm) was founded by an English lawyer, minister and freethinker in 1636. Like my father, Mr. Williams was ordained as a minister in the established church. Unlike my father Mr. Williams became disaffected with the Church of England and allied himself with those detestable Puritans. In 1630 he joined the Puritans in Massachusetts. Not being satisfied with their firm commitment to their "purity", he migrated from Boston to another town called Salem. While in Salem, he preached separatist ideas about the state being completely separate from the church. Mr. Williams also suggested the land was not freely given by the King but belonged to the Indians and as such they should rewarded. 

"Williams fled to the colonies to escape religious persecution and imprisonment. Along with other Puritans, his goal was to practice a Christian worship more “pure” than the Church of England’s. The Puritans settled land gifted by the King, even though Native people had lived there for thousands of years. Williams asserted that the Native people should be compensated for their land while many Puritans believed that the deaths of Native people from European diseases indicated God's favor toward Christian settlement."

Mr. Williams believed that the first four of the Ten Commandments are matters of individual conscience and should not be enforced as laws by the government. In October of 1635, Mr. Williams was charged with "new and dangerous opinions against the authority of the magistrates." I should think so! The Puritan government banished Mr. Williams from Massachusetts Bay Colony.

After trying to settle in Plymouth Colony, across the Seekonk River, near where Susanna's mother resided in childhood, Mr. Williams spent a winter with the Wampanoag Indians learning their language.

"From his 1631 arrival in Boston, Williams infuriated local leaders with his dissent. They eventually exiled him for his dangerous ideas. He believed government lacked authority to enforce the first four of the Ten Commandments, the ones between an individual and God. His 1635 exile to England would likely have meant imprisonment or death. Williams escaped into the harsh New England winter and, only with the help of the Native people, survived to the spring."

He became a trader, trading sundries with the local Indians and in spring rowed across the river to Narragansett Indian territory. Mr. Williams negotiated a land deal with the chieftains (their word is "sachem") Cononicus and Miantonomo. The Narragansett could come and take whichever English goods they wished.

"The Royal Charter of 1663, granted by King Charles II, declared the entire colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations a “livelie experiment” where no person could be punished for what he or she believed. Settlers enjoyed freedoms and rights unknown in other colonies."

Some trade goods: pots, toys, furs and a house with
a giant stone chimney at one end. 

Mr. Williams treated the Indians with more respected than most Englishmen. He even wrote a book about their language and culture. He believed the Indians were NOT savages as most believe and tried to find common humanity among people. He thought, perhaps the Indians were of Jewish descent, one of the Seven Lost Tribes of Israel and as such, should be treated as humans worthy of salvation. All right... this I can understand.

The system of government was quite different from anywhere else, not having a formal charter (more on that later) or settled form of government.  Once a fortnight the heads of households, men AND women, gathered to consider issue. All decisions supported by the majority were binding in civil matters. The government never collected taxes to support the church and matters of religion were left up to individual conscience. Thus this colony became a haven for those seeking "soul liberty". 

Roger Williams carried this compass and sundial to help find his way both literally and spiritually.

Editor's Note: Jane wishes to acknowledge her visit took place on the ancestral homelands of the Narragansett Indians, who are still here. Jane is indebted to The Roger Williams National Memorial, (run by the National Park Service) website and visitor's center "New and Dangerous Opinions" exhibit for her education. 

Was this "livelie experiment" a failure or success?

Roger Williams National Memorial "New and Dangerous Opinions"
National Park Service, Providence, Rhode Island

Today we are grappling with the legacy of our hero. Roger Williams believed in compensating the natives for their land and wrote a book, Key into the Language of America, the first book of Native American language and culture, in which he expressed common humanity among people. He argued against the prevailing belief Native people were “savages” and Europeans inherently superior. 

Roger's ideas of civil equality, government by the people, and separation of church and state influenced Thomas Jefferson and the framers of the United States Constitution. The Bill of Rights is inspired by Roger Williams's beliefs. The government of the United States is supposed to derive authority from the people with the Constitution guaranteeing each person be free to follow his or her own conscience, regardless of religious belief.

However, following the catastrophic King Philip’s War of 1675–76, the Natives attempt to reclaim their land, Roger presided over the sale of captured Natives into slavery in the Caribbean.

There are many questions to consider. Was he a good guy, a bad guy or an Englishman of his time and place In 2020 Rhode Islanders voted to remove "Plantations" from the state name given the connotations it brings to mind of enslavement.